A former M60/Abrams tanker has kindly accepted an interview for the blog. T served between 1983 and 1997 in both Patton and Abrams variants, and also in the National Training Centre in a M551.
1) Hello T., many thanks for accepting an interview with alejandro-8.blogspot.com. Could you provide an introduction to your service in the US Army?
I was a tanker from 1983 through 1997. I was a Platoon Sergeant/SFC. My first tank was an M48A5, M60A3 TTS, IPM1 and finally a M1A1. At NTC we had M60A3 as our "official" tanks and M551s as our T-72s.
2) Early in your career you served in a M48A5/M60A3TTS Patton tanks. What was your impression of the vehicle, and the strong/weak points?
My first tank and first command was an M48A5. I learned everything from it. It was just a real good basic tank. Very reliable, an accurate coincidence rangefinder, simple basic computer. Rarely did anything seriously break that you couldn't fix with an adjustable wrench, screw driver or a hammer. You sighted the gun through the breechblock and with a set of string at the end of the gun tube. It was designed to hit and stay in the fight. From that perspective it was exceptionally reliable in all categories.
On the negative of course was age. The night sights were designed for searchlights using IR. It was an art using them and took quite a while to get the hang of it for some gunners. We much rather preferred calling for mortar illumination. As a bonus calling for fire and making adjustments was a talent most adapted to. The armor was typically similar to what we faced in T-62 and T-55 and we knew the 105 was a far better gun. The coax, M219, was absolutely garbage. Literally two shots and jam. Both myself and the loader had an M60D. Good guns bit I would have preferred an M2 on my position.
3) When training, at was the typical distance to the objective and speed of the tank when you fired? And the longest distance at which you ever fired?
Typical distance was probably 20- 30 miles for company level training and a bit more for battalion force on force exercises. The M48 did not have a stab system so we fired from a short halt. The M60A3 did but probably only fired around 5-8 mph. That was usually the optimum speed where the stab and the suspension were controllable. The range from memory was around battlesight , 1800m. Longest distance ever fired on an M60A3TTS was @3200m which was a hit. An M48A5 was probably 2500 to 2800m.
4) How was the night firing conducted in the M48A5? Did you use flares for battlefield illumination? Or IR projectors? Which one did you find more useful? At what sort of distances you could open fire?
As I mentioned before, the M48A5 used IR / white searchlight and mortar Illum. Mortar Illum was preferred. For most engagements we just went with battlesight. If the target looked like it was in that range we just kept the rangefinder dialed into 1800m and fired. Of course if you had a clear shot ranging was just as fast.
5) M60A3TTS introduced a very advanced thermal sight. Hoqw did it change the night firing? Did you also use it during the day?
The thermal sight was a game changer. When we went through transitioning they billed it as exclusively a night sight, however we quickly discovered the advantages of using it exclusively. Being able to pick out vehicle or personnel not typically seen. It was at this point we began night training far more seriously to include tactical operations, night fighting using MILES systems. Prior to receiving M60A3 TTS I did several rotations as OPFOR 32nd Guards Motorized Rifle Regiment at NTC on M551/ T-72 VISMODS. They had a similar night fighting setup as the M48A5.
During my first rotation we we in a reserve position against a 1st Cav Brigade equipped with M1s. A night attacked was conducted by them and a code word "Bananas, Bananas" was broadcast telling us to deploy. My Motor Rifle Battalion was moving within 15 minutes around 0330. Knowing where the first battalion was located I assumed we might make contact in about 20-30 minutes. All the commanders had AN/PVS5 night goggles. About 10 minutes into the road march in the pitch black I was blinded by the flashes of the M1s. Easily 10 vehicles were knocked out in the first volley. Night sights were useless and a couple of us switched to white light to find them. Too little too late. I died on the second volley and a minute later watched as an M1 sped past me going 35+mph. A 1Cav pendant on the antenna. Thirty vehicles knocked out in literally five minutes to no losses.
6) In terms of maintenance, was there any component or system that was more delicate? Were there any issues with the supply chain?
On the M48/M60, not many things broke, except possibly torsion bars and other automotive components. Maintenance was beaten into our heads seriously. By the time we had gotten M1s many bugs were solved. I do remember computer systems having unresolved witches, in which case it was just pulled. Getting parts was generally not a problem, except for engines or transmissions. Being said during the run up to the First Gulf War much of that became a non issue as the war stocks were opened up.
7) What was the typical ammunition configuration load (% APFSDS/HEAT/WP/Smoke)? Did you have specific rounds for certain targets (APFSDS for T-64/72/80)?
The actual mix I honestly don't remember. With the M48A5 we carried everything. APDS, HEAT, HEP, Beehive and WP. I only ever carried the first three. Fired Beehive once and never saw WP.
M60A3 could carry all, but even HEP went as way by then. M1 was only APFSDS and HEAT. And I always remember somewhat heavier on APFSDS, but not by much. With any tank target APFSDS was always the go to. HEAT was for anything else.
8) What was the maximum distance you covered in a day during deployments or exercises? Did the tank cope well or needed extra maintenance?
The terrain was very similar to Germany on all respects. Ironically especially while in the National Guard at Fort Drum. Distance during those days was about 20 miles a day
9) The M60 is one of the largest (and most comfortable) tanks. Do you think it was worth it (it was also a larger target)?
The M60A3 was the tallest, but given it's depression could be hidden rather well. I never really had a concern about it's size and I was known for my abilities in masking my movements with terrain. Not an issue in my opinion.
10) The M19 commander cupola in the M60 is one element which has not proved popular, and some operators removed it. What do you think?
Not a fan of the cupola. Nice in some ways, but the feed system for the M85 was in my opinion the reason for the weapons reputation, not the gun itself. The M85 was actually the weapon chosen first for the commanders mount. On a simple box feed it ran all day. Twist the ammo in the cupola and it was a nightmare.
11) Did you have the opportunity to train with other Armies? What were your impressions? Did you like/dislike any specific equipment?
I did have an opportunity to train with the Bundeswehr. They were excellent soldiers by and large. They were fighting in home position and I wouldn't want to go against them. I viewed their Leo II like our M1s by and large with the M1 coming away better on armor. I enjoyed the equipment diversity of the Territorial Army as nothing was thrown away. So the Soviets would would have found a missile jeep, recoiless rifle or tank destroyer of some kind around every bush and bend.
12) You trained in the National Training Center (NTC). Can you comment on how benefitial it was to the tank crews? Do you think it should be adapted to future threats like China?
I think the NTC was / is critical. It afforded the ability to conduct unrestricted large-scale joint forces training. Continuously throughout the year. Every 21 days was a new rotation of a brigade. Absolutely Yes it should be reconfigured to the PLA threat. Obviously I am out of that current loop, so I have no idea what the current syllabus entails. But large scale maneuver, drone, counter drone, cyber assault integration, PEER level air assets, air denial. Everything a Peer Level threat would bring to the table as opposed to an insurgent threat.
13) Did you struggle to switch to Soviet tactics?
No. Not really. They had an introduction academy and the first rotation as a Soviet you were pretty much a filler or observer in my case. They broke companies down into integrated combined arms "battalions" and March formations such as battalion, company, platoon column were fairly easy.
14) In the NTC you operated T-55/62 tanks. What was your impression? What were the features you liked/disliked?
We had exposure to T-62 and T-55 tanks. A couple were operational for familiarity, but not for training as Soviets. I was actually rather surprised at the size and lack of what I saw and regarded as normal. I wouldn't want to face someone like me in a T-55. They were certainly rather robust vehicles like an M48A5 but aside from charging enmasse I really didn't think highly of them. I respect the abilities as a tank and wouldn't underestimate anyone inside one, but I was confident that I was better.
15) During the Cold War the US Army would organise REFORGER exercises to deploy troops in Europe. Did you participate in one? How was your experience?
Yes however I was already in place for REFORGER 87 and 89. It was impressive to see the mechanism in place and in operation. Sadly looking back on it and looking at posts when they move a brigade around in Europe it is clear that it was perishable experience. Meaning that the Army largely forgot how to do large things without practice. Also being that we have effectively no prepositioned equipment in large numbers in Europe any longer that any sort of contingency is effectively a non-starter. I will say also I was rather impressed by the Bundeswehr's ability to mobilize their Territorial Army. The actual size of it impresses me even to this day, but also sadly that ability is a thing of the past.
16) By the 1980s Israel had used the M60 Patton in combat. Did you get any feedback on its performance or changes applied to variants?
Direct feedback no, not so much. Most of our curiosity of course was with the ERA Blazer armor. We knew of course that the design was a solid design and back in the 73 War the replacement of the hydraulic fluid to something non-flammable was the key upgrade. Most of my reading at the time was in the regard to funny against missile threat more than anything else. I knew that the fire control system of the 60 without range mostly anything that we would be facing, except missiles
17) What is your opinion on the Israel upgrades (Magach - also sold to Turkey as M60T)?
I do like the Sabra and the M60T. Definitely for what it is it is a an upgrade on defensive capabilities. But I do think that the m60-2000 with the M1 tire would probably be the best option for any sort of upgrade. That way it gets the ammo out of the hall and behind blast doors which generally is superior for crew survivability. If they fit the M60T with the trophy system that would go a long way as well but really the M1 turn option is the better way to go for the hull anyway. But of course the same can be said for the M48. The fire control sleeve is the same so you can mount thermal sights and fit a laser range finder. You could also fit a Sabra esque passive armor package, but as long as the ammo stays in the hull and exposing the turret your survivability is going to be less even with trophy.
18) M48/60 has a reputation for being an ideal tank for a conscript Army, being sturdy and reliable. Would you agree? How long do you think it takes to train a crew?
I think the M48/60 are solid designs for any sort of army. Of course now they're a bit long in the tooth. Maintenance of course has always beaten into our heads but that's not always the case across every Army. You can teach basic crew skills within a couple weeks, for gunnery it's best to have someone who has an idea of at least what they're doing and the same for commanding. I always said I could teach you everything you needed to know about a tank within two weeks, but that didn't mean that you wouldn't be dead soon as you rolled out of the motor park within 5 minutes. As an army you have to be willing to spend money. For ammunition for fuel, for maintenance across an entire spectrum. While I appreciate the different simulators that came on board in the mid to late 80s and such I am much more old school when it comes to actually mounting up and doing maneuvers. I attribute this to when I went in and it didn't exist but also to my days as OPFOR at NTC.
Other interviews:
I am always looking for more
veterans, active members or people related with the defence industry to
accept interviews. If you enjoyed reading the material and would be
happy to accept an anonimous interview you can get in contact with me.
My e-mail can be found in this link at the heading. Otherwise leave a
message in the comment sections.
- Interview with a former Olifant tanker
- Interview with a former Chieftain tanker
- Interview with a former M551 Sheridan driver
- Interview with a former Centurion tank driver in the Army of Sweden
- Interview with a former Centurion tanker in the Army of Denmark
- Interview with a USAF pilot who flew the F-106 Delta Dart
- Interview with an US Army M48A5/M60A1 veteran tanker
- Interview with a former British artilleryman and veteran of the Gulf War
- Former M60 tanker in the Army of Austria
- Former Chieftain crew member
- Former Chieftain gunner
- AMX30 commander of the Army of France
- NCO of the Army of Serbia
- Former crew member of Challenger 2
- Former Leclerc commander
- T-72 driver in Czech Army
- US Army M60 tank crewmman
- Interview with D., former US Army tanker with experience in the M60 and M1 Abrams
- Interview with Stefan Kotsch, former NVA/Bundeswehr tanker
- Interview with former Marine and writer Kenneth Estes
Tuesday, 22 February 2022
Interview with a former M60/Abrams tanker
Tuesday, 15 February 2022
Interview with a former Olifant tanker
A former Olifant tanker kindly accepted an interview for the blog. D. served during the 80s in an Olifant tank and participated in the conflics South Africa fought in this era.
1. Hello D., thanks for accepting an interview for alejandro-8.blogspot.com. Could you provide a brief overview of your career in the South African Defence Force (SADF)?
I started with tank training in 1979 at 1 Special Service Battalion (1 SSB) in Bloemfontein. In 1984 I was part of the second tank deployment to the South West Africa/ Namibia operational area. The first deployment was in 1976, but the tanks were not used at all. This second deployment in 1984 deployment was a result of the sudden Soviet tank threat increase experienced during Operation Askari. Up to this point the Ratel-90s of the SADF kept the tank under control. During Operation Askari the tank threat increased significantly and it was decided to deploy a squadron (11 tanks) to 61 Mech Battalion in SWA/ Namibia. We stayed there for about six months to do training and to conduct a couple of show of force exercises. After that we returned to School of Armour in Bloemfontein and visited the deployed tanks on a rotation basis mainly for maintenance.
During 1987 I was deployed to Angola and detached to 61 Mech Battalion’s tank regiment to participate in Operation Hooper. During this period we conducted attacks on 2 January 1988, 13/ 14 January 1988 and 14 February against a combined force made up of Angolans, Cubans, Russians and SWAPO. In March 1988 I decided to end my military career and resigned from the SADF.
2. You used 2 local variants of the Centurion tank, named Olifant Mk1 and Mk1A. These were similar to Israeli upgraded Centurion. Could you provide a description on the main changes?
The Olifant Mk1A received the following improvements:
a. Additional storage bins at the back of the turret
b. Digital azimuth indicator for the gunner
c. The fitting of a protective frame to protect the smoke grenade launchers against vegetation while bundu bashing
d. The gunner was provided with an Eloptro MSZ-2 two-channel sight with an integral laser range-finder working in both channels. The new laser replaced the old handheld laser.
e. The turret roof and bins
3. What do you think were the strong and weak points of the Olifant tanks?
Strong Points
a. I think the Olifant is such a good tank because I consider the Centurion as an exceptional tank in its overall design and its balance between firepower, mobility and armour.
b. Upgradeability
c. Relative reliable
Weak Points
a. Generally outdated, but for our local conditions and immediate threat still adequate.
b. Outdated gun with and the lack of modern fire control system.
c. Because of the Olifant’s weight, it did lack some manoeuvrability and speed
d. Requires a lot of crew maintenance
4. When training, at was the typical distance to the objective and speed of the tank when you fired? And the longest distance at which you ever fired?
Target ranges during training ranging from about 800 to 1800 meters. Fire on the move were executed at speed around 10 to 25 km/h
The longest range I have fired was to targets at 3000 m with APFSDS on a test trial while testing a new fire control system
5. What was the maximum rate of fire (ROF) you achieved? Was there a big difference in ROF as you went through the different bins?
We never tried to achieve the maximum rate for the Olifant which was about 8 rounds per minute. The doctrine was to use ammunition effectively and efficiently. If the ready rounds are depleted it will obviously affects the rate of fire, unfortunately I haven’t got experience of it.
6. How was the night firing conducted? Did you use flares for battlefield illumination? What was the effective distance at which you could fire?
During training we used flares for illumination together with passive night vision equipment at a battle range of approximately 500 to 800 metres. Both the driver and the gunner is equipped with night vision equipment. I did only one operational mission during night time during an stand-off bombardment in support of the artillery. On this occasion we have left our hide at dusk and approach the firing position during total darkness using our night vision equipment and the tank’s convoy light. During the night we provided artillery support by firing about 900 rounds of HESH into the enemy’s base over a range of about 12,000 meters. Early the morning before sunrise we withdrew back to our hide in the dark using no lights. In my early days of training we used a very power Xenon search light attached to gun’s mantlet.
7. In terms of maintenance, was there any component or system that was more delicate? Were there any issues with the supply chain?
During my time in Angola the Olifant’s suffered the most from gearbox failures, worn out tracks and warn out sprockets on the final drives. All of these maintenance issues can be allocated to the sandy conditions. Because of the remoteness where we have operated the logistical supply chain was stretched beyond its capability. It must be noted, as probably said already or elsewhere, we operated in a wilderness area about 300 km to the nearest populated place. I called this area the end of the world. There was a dirt runway about 100 kilometres from us which our air force used to supply us. Unfortunately we have been there in the rainy season and as a result the runway was not usable all of the time. On some occasions the operation were severely disrupted as the logistics couldn’t keep up with supplies and spares.
8. What was the maximum distance you covered in a day during deployments, exercises or combate? Did the tank cope well or needed extra maintenance?
With our deployment in Angola the tanks were off loaded at Rundu (17° 53’ 14S and 19° 52’ 03E). The 250 km to Mavinga in Angola took us about 7 days, i.e. approximately 35 km per day. It may sound that the movement was very slow, but it must be taken into consideration that the area is an extremely dense bush terrain with no infrastructure such as roads and bridges. The tanks were used to make a road through the bush to enable movement of the other vehicles. Due to the heavy workload on the tanks and the soft terrain we had to stop every now and then to cool down the gearboxes. The tracks also took heavy strain of the sand and the tracks were to be replaced about a month after our arrival at the battle front. During our deployment in Angola approaching the we managed about
9. Did the engine or suspension struggle with the local conditions (hard soil or dust for example)?
As said before, the Olifant’s struggled a lot because of the sandy terrain. The tracks and gearboxes were under heavy strain. The driver’s changed their driving technique slightly by driving in a straight path as far as possible. This approach helped with gearboxes, tracks and final drives, but the bins and smoke launchers suffered more because of damage caused by the trees.
10. What was the maximum speed you managed to get in an Olifant? And in reverse?
Maximum speed we got was about 48 km/h. I never checked reverse speed but I assume we could get up about 10 km/h moving backwards.
11. Some wheeled vehicles designed by South Africa became famous due to their mobility. Was it a problem to operate with them? Was the Olifant mobility adequate to coordinate movements?
In the dense bush terrain of Angola the wheeled vehicles actually battled to keep up with the tanks. One night after an attack during our retreat from the battle area we (the tanks) had to tow all of the wheeled vehicles up a very steep sandy crest. During an attack we normally attacked in a V formation where the tanks forms the V and all of the other wheeled fighting vehicles inside the V, the tanks determined the speed of the attack.
12. Centurion was widely exported tank and was developed by other countries. Did you get any information on the upgrades? Was there an element (ERA armour in later Israeli variants) you would have liked?
During the 1980s when I was still involved we didn’t really get any information on upgrades available except from the Israelis. During those years Israel was sort of a very close ally to us. Some training groups before me were trained in Israel on their Shot Kals. I think most of our doctrines were also developed from that.
13. In Angola de Olifant faced T-54/55 and even T-62. What was your opinion of these tanks? Did they have any features that you lied/disliked (suspension, night sights, lower height)?
I was informally trained in 1984 on captured T-55 tanks and was not extremely impressed. In my opinion it is most uncomfortable vehicle I ever in. The turret is extremely cramped with the gunner sitting at somewhat of an angle. The sighting system is poor as it hasn’t a wide angle sight, only a telescopic type of sight was fitted. This has the disadvantage that the gunner has difficulty to find his target resulting into a longer time to fire. The stabilisation control system in azimuth is also poor, gun laying using the stabilisation system was almost impossible as a result of overshoot. The elevation control was good. The elevation range of the gun (maximum depression of -5 degrees) is also a disadvantage. The maintainability of the T-55 was poor and was difficult for the technical people to remove and replace components. For example, the remove a T-55 power would take a couple of days whereas the Olifant’s power pack will be out within 30 minutes. The T-55 was also a bit difficult to drive because of the manual gearbox and tiller bar steering mechanism. However, I like the powerful engine and the engine air starting capability. The smoke generator system was also a nice feature. Ninety four (94) T-54s/ 55s were destroyed during 1987/ 1988 during the final stages of the conflict. My guess is that the Olifants were responsible for about 15 to 20 of these kills. The T-54/ 55s were never able to penetrate our armour once. One tank was hit on the idler wheel which was replaced. We have lost three Olifants in a minefield which the Angolans/ Cubans/ Russians biggest claim to fame.
14. In some literature it is possible to read that in Angola Soviet tanks were at a disadvantage because vegetation would cover sights and observation devices. Olifants were higher and did not struggle so much. Is this correct?
It is possible, but I still think because of the gunner’s poor sighting system and the azimuth control system causes a poor time the get on target.
15. When operating in Angola, what was the typical fighting distance? What about the ammunition load (Percentage of APDS, APFSDS, HEAT, HESH and WP)?
As a result of the dense bush the fighting range was sometimes as close as 40 meters. My guess on the loading would be APFSDS (30), HEAT (12), HESH (18) and WP (12) giving a total ammunition load of 72 rounds.
16. What was the most common target in the operations in Angola (Tanks, fortifications, infantry, light vehicles...)?
Mostly tanks. We were deployed rather late in the war, almost at the end of the because of the escalated tank threat. Secondary targets were softer skin vehicles such as BTR-60, BRDMs and even a BM-21. We also assisted the infantry with mop-up actions to clear bunkers using HESH.
17. HESH is a type of ammunition only used by a few countries. Can you comment on the characteristics? Did you find it useful?
In Angola we have used HESH on occasions very successfully to clear trenches and underground bunkers. It lower the risk considerably to lose some of our infantry during target mop-up activities.
18. Did you receive any guidelines when engaging T-54/55 and T-62 tanks in terms of ammunition to use? Would you have chosen APFSDS, HEAT or even HESH?
APFSDS was definitely the ammunition of choice. HEAT should also do the job, but my preference will be the superior APFSDS. The APFSDS proofed themselves as exceptional ammunition against the T-54/ 55s sometimes at very shallow entry angles.
19. Olifant Mk1A had a hand held laser range finder. How practical was to use in combat/operations?
The Olifant Mk1A is fitted with laser range finder integrated into the gunner’s sight. A handheld laser called the MT-18 was used on the Olifant Mk1. The integrated laser range finder was one of the upgrades from Olifant Mk1 to the Mk1A.
20. Is there any anecdote you would like to share before we finish the interview?
Maybe not amusing nor funny, but an amazing fact is that a Centurion tank fired its first shot in anger on 11 February 1951. The last shot in anger was fired by an Oilfant on 27 June 1988, 13,651 days (37 years) apart.
Other interviews:
I am always looking for more
veterans, active members or people related with the defence industry to
accept interviews. If you enjoyed reading the material and would be
happy to accept an anonimous interview you can get in contact with me.
My e-mail can be found in this link at the heading. Otherwise leave a
message in the comment sections.
- Interview with a former Chieftain tanker
- Interview with a former M551 Sheridan driver
- Interview with a former Centurion tank driver in the Army of Sweden
- Interview with a former Centurion tanker in the Army of Denmark
- Interview with a USAF pilot who flew the F-106 Delta Dart
- Interview with an US Army M48A5/M60A1 veteran tanker
- Interview with a former British artilleryman and veteran of the Gulf War
- Former M60 tanker in the Army of Austria
- Former Chieftain crew member
- Former Chieftain gunner
- AMX30 commander of the Army of France
- NCO of the Army of Serbia
- Former crew member of Challenger 2
- Former Leclerc commander
- T-72 driver in Czech Army
- US Army M60 tank crewmman
- Interview with D., former US Army tanker with experience in the M60 and M1 Abrams
- Interview with Stefan Kotsch, former NVA/Bundeswehr tanker
- Interview with former Marine and writer Kenneth Estes
Sunday, 13 February 2022
Restoration of a T-10M heavy tank in Russia
The Museum of Russian Military History at Padikovo has restored a T-10M that had been lying at a range. Now it looks brand new.
References:
- https://www.facebook.com/padikovo/
Friday, 11 February 2022
Interview with a former Challenger tanker
1. Hello J., many thanks for accepting an interview for alejandro-8.blogspot.com. Can you provide us an overview of your career in the British Army?
I joined the army in 1987 after a short stint at being an electrical engineer. Because I was quite small they recommended I join the 16/5th The Queens Royal Lancers, my local armoured reconnaissance unit. Big tanks didn’t really appeal to me at the time, it looked big and slow and not half as exciting as dashing around the woods behind enemy lines in a CVR(T)! After 6 years we amalgamated with a tank Regiment anyway, (17/21st Lancers) under the governments ‘Options For Change’ program. Those that stayed converted onto Chieftain and Challenger 1. I worked my way through the positions, driver, gunner, operator and after many operational tours around the globe, mounted and dismounted, I reached the heights of Tank Commander Challenger 2, gunnery instructor (and many other numerous qualifications on many other weapon systems). After my last tour in Al Amarah, Iraq 2004 (attached to the PWRR Battle Group), I was promoted to Sergeant Major and put out to graze as a recruiter in Nottingham. I very much enjoyed that and got an extension and left the army after 24 years service.
2. What was your impression of the Challenger 1 tank? What do you think were the strong and weak points?
The CR1 was basically a Chieftain in Challenger clothing. Inside, the turrets were almost identical with some minor differences in the sighting systems.
The external stowage was pretty good with an extra basket on the front left of the turret (for cam net and some thermal sheets) and more water Jerry can stowage at the rear.
Engine-wise it was still a pain to swap one out, but driving it was an easier automatic gearbox. I know some drivers preferred the Chieftain seat as they described it as an armchair!
3. When training, what was the typical distance to the objective and speed of the tank when you fired? And the longest distance at which you ever fired?
It depended where we were training, and where you were harboured up prior to an mission. We’d normally drive no more than a few kms to the Forming Up Point (FUP), and from there deploy in a timely fashion according to your orders. As far as speed, the tactical situation and the ground dictated how and at what speed we’d move to arrive at the FUP at the correct time.
If on an assault onto an objective, we’d generally be only 2km from the enemy before breaking ground and going as fast as the ground permitted, opening fire on anything within your predesignated arc and trying your best to keep level with the other vehicles. Generally on a large frontal assault the gunners would be given full authority to designate and to fire which freed up the Commander to busy himself with navigation, radios and counting shots and types of ammo fired.
The longest I’ve ever fired was 5kms away during an ‘indirect shoot’, which is a bit like using the tank as an artillery piece. For that you naturally have to be static but when firing on the move on a range you like the driver to get up the gears quick and keep it steady at about 30kmh. Drivers would often shout “BUMP” or “TURNING” on the intercom to warn the gunner about the road conditions. The CR1 firing system wasn’t as stable as the CR2 but in any tank, any sharp or unexpected movement of the vehicle could affect the gunners lay.
4. Challenger 1 kept a rifled gun similar to Chieftain's. Do you think it was a good idea?
A great idea! The gun was more accurate than other NATO smooth bores. Yes, we lost some muzzle velocity with Sabot and FIN ammo but this was negligible when you’re talking about speeds around 1,800 m/per sec.
5. Challenger tanks use a human autoloader and 3 piece ammunition. What was the maximum rate of fire you achieved? How did it change as you used the different ammunition bins?
The book used to say one round every eight seconds which was realistic when you consider the time it takes the gunner to do his job in aiming and firing etc. But an actual reload of the gun after it has fired is very quick. I had it down to just over three seconds if the bag charges were in a good place. But that speed couldn’t be sustained as eventually you’d have to start pulling charges from inconvenient bins. Either way it was a he’ll of a lot faster than an autoloader.
When doing long range shoots with HESH (which has a velocity of about 600m/per sec) it was every loaders challenge to get three rounds in the air at the same time, something that gave you massive bragging rights at the bar and much kudos for the crew!
Another bonus of having 3 part ammunition is the fact there are no smoking empty cases filling up the turret to get rid of.
6. British Army made extensive use of HESH ammunition. Can you comment on its characteristics and performance?
As I’ve said, it’s quite a slow round and a heavy one to be throwing around the turret. It’s a good ‘all-rounder’ for use against, bunkers, trenches lightly armoured vehicles and transport. That said, it could take out armour up to 15cm thick. It didn’t necessarily have to penetrate either, it would cause scabbing and spawling that would kill the crew inside. A hit on the weaker parts of the turret like the hatches and sights (which was quite easy due to its slow, high arcing trajectory) would be devastating, the turret interior would be shredded. As a matter of fact, in 1991, squadrons of Scimitar CVR(T) 30mm went up against tanks of the Iraqi 4th Division on Objective ‘Lead’ and defeated many T55 tanks. They either blew off the tracks and machine gunned the crew when they dismounted their crippled vehicles, or hit the sights and hatches killing the crew inside with tiny bits of shrapnel. Also the explosive blast from a vehicle being hit with 120mm hesh would collapse the lungs of anyone standing close by.
So compare that to a ‘super-velocity’ round that is pretty useless against everything else but tanks and will strike front facing stronger areas of a target, (low trajectory) has to defeat add-on, or reactive plates and then penetrate the armour. If it makes it inside and the crew have the hatches closed, the compression alone will kill the occupants before they get sprayed with molten metal. So you see, APFSDS was good but hesh was very useful.
7. What was the typical ammunition configuration load %(APFDS/HESH/Smoke)?
That depended on what tank you had. Command tanks carried an extra HF Radio so left less room in the bustle for projectiles. It was anything from 45 to 52 rounds in total if I remember rightly. You could squeeze more in if you were desperate or carrying for another callsign, two HESH bag charges in one bin and extra hesh could be stacked on the turret floor and strapped down. Too high and you ran the risk of the breech crushing them if the gun was elevated too high, so these would be used first.
Depending on your mission objectives we would take a minimum of 3 Smoke sometimes 5, all kept under the gun in the front stowage box. In 1991 more FIN an DU was issued than HESH as it was known we would face up to four times more armour than we had! So also there’s military doctrine about ratios but as a crew driving through a replen you get what you’re given!
8. What was the maximum distance you covered in a day during deployments or exercises? Did the tank cope well or needed extra maintenance?
Hard to say, in 1991 I was in reconnaissance but the battle group were manoeuvring for over 100 hours during the main battle and I never saw hardly any broken down vehicles. The trick is for all squadrons to keep their mileage down as low as possible due to the natural life of parts and the regular interval servicing that had to be carried out regardless. The desert dust was troublesome but not impossible to cope with. The CR1 would generally do around 20- 30km a day on a typical days training.
9. In terms of maintenance, was there any component or system that was more delicate? Were there any issues with the supply chain?
Banging out air filters was a popular past time! The night vision system seemed to be different on all vehicles, with a well pressured system and a fresh compressor oil change the picture could be great, but if overdue a service it would be rather useless. I never suffered issues with the supply chain. Some larger items were logistically more difficult to ship up to the front, or find you in the middle of the forest (like engines and tracks) but it was down to the efficiency and planning of the echelon forces which could vary from Regiment to Regiment.
10. Challenger received a hydropneumatic suspension while other tanks of its era used torsion bars. What is your opinion on its advantages and disadvantages? Hydrogas suspension was a nice ride, very reliable and a damned sight easier to change than torsion bars!
The only downside was that if it was cold the tank would sit low or sag to the front/ rear or one side and it took a little cross-country driving to warm it up. Quite funny trying to climb aboard a tank that was sitting high, it required leg flexibility, arm strength and a manly groan!
11. One of the big improvements over the Chieftain was the 1,200HP Perkins Condor CV12 engine. When driving/moving can you feel the difference between a 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine?
Didn’t notice the speed difference but take off was smoother and quicker on the CR1. Clutch springs used to fail on the Chieftain, possibly the worst job to replace...after boost filters. The chieftain track was also ‘dead’ so easier to change but a heavy weight for the drive sprockets to get moving. CR1 had a ‘live’ track so a little more work in replacing it but more reactive when driving so a bit more reactive and faster. We all miss the distinctive tubular roar of the Chieftain though!
12. What was the maximum speed you managed to get in a Challenger? And in reverse?
60kph in a CR1, 70kph in a CR2. I Only reversed a CR1 at speed on a firing range to return to the firing point whilst keeping the gun pointing in a safe direction. You went as fast as you dared depending on how competent the driver was and how good your intercom was with the driver. If all good, it was not problem to ‘belt it’ full speed, but if the driver had problems with his ‘left and right’, it would be wise to take it easy if you’re shouting at him which sticks to pull! I had a driver who managed to hit 17 trees in 2 weeks!
13. Did you practise NBC situations? What was the approach?
Yes, a lot!
Put your mask on, clip an NBC radio Mike to the mask and plug it into a dedicated socket on your helmet earphone, then connect the hose from your NBC diffuser to the mask. The NBC system was a heavy load facility and needed a lot of power. Something to consider as it would be wise to turn on the Generator Unit Engine (GUE) to make sure your Computerised Sighting System (CSS) didn’t trip out. The pressure inside the turret would be kept at about 3bar. This stopped any gasses creeping into the turret through minor cracks/ gaps around periscopes and gun mantlet seals.
Once, whilst on exercise as an operator/ loader, my Commander didn’t bother putting his respirator mask on and just plugged the NBC mike into his earphone and left it dangling. If he had to talk on the radio he just he just grabbed the Mike and cupped it next to his mouth. Pretty convincing if you heard it!
In 1991 they estimated we could loose up to 70% of the Recce forces in the initial chemical bombardments, but it never played out like that in the end and I always felt as safe as houses in a mask and suit, closed down breathing through new filters.
14. Did you have the opportunity to train with other countries (NATO for example)? What was your impression about their training and equipment? Any tank (or other weapon) you liked or disliked?
I trained Iraqi troops and police but only with Russian type small arms etc. We war gamed with the Polish cavalry in Poland once. They were quiet and sneaky in those T72s which were as low as pancakes and hard to spot! I had the opportunity to cross paths with a German Leopard 1 once. It had an incredibly loud engine, rather cramped inside and the gunner told me that occasionally they lost coincidence between the thermal camera and the gun. If the gun went to maximum elevation, the thermal camera wouldn’t follow and just drop and stare at the dirt. We had the same problem on CR1. We called it “TISH Crash”. (Thermal Imaging Sensor Head). It required a quick routine of levelling the gun and operating a flurry of switches and buttons to correct the issue on the Symbology Processing Unit (SPU, affectionately pronounced “Spew”...as in vomit).
We were all jealous of the Leopards manoeuvrability and the fact they could change an engine in twenty minutes!
A task that normally took four hours for us. I always said the best tank in the world would be a CR2 top half and a Leopard bottom half! The deadliest nato pantomime pony.
As for the American M1 Abrams, we used to go down to Grafenwöhr a lot to use their Simnet simulator facility. We often had the chance to visit their range to see them live firing. Never have I seen so many tanks break down in one day! They always boasted about their bigger engines but they were dragging tons of heavy armour so they needed it to keep up with the men on foot!
How confident did you feel when facing T-64/72/80 during the Cold War? (If you served during the Cold War)
I was on CVR(T) during the Cold War and our life expectancy after reporting the positions of the Russian main vanguard force was twenty minutes.
15. Challenger 1 performed well in the Gulf War of 1991. Did you receive any information regarding its use and improvements that could be applied?
Apart from new dust filters and skirts to keep the dust down, they looked the same. The main bonus was the Chobam/ Dorchester armour that didn’t exist on Chieftain.
16. Do you think there was room for improving the Challenger 1 or it was better to move into Challenger 2?
As I’ve mentioned, the CR1 was pretty much an up-armoured Chieftain. Comparing the CR1 to the CR2 is like chalk and cheese. Like stepping out of a Ford Escort and into the Starship Enterprise. Completely new ergonomically, new ‘playstationesque’ controllers, new CSS with a Sagem gunners sight. An entirely new digital software package.
17. Is there any anecdote you would like to share before concluding the interview?
Yes, in 1989 a German Panzer captain came to our Regiment to give a presentation on the Leopard tank. He stood firmly at the lecturn with a really cold sturn face, sharply removed his cap in a brisk parade drill move and slowly surveyed the auditorium with a sneer of authority....“Good mornink gentle-mens, I am Captain Steiner from ze 13th Panzer grenadier Battalion....as you can tell, I am German, so throughout ziss presentation...zer vill be NO...jokes”
We all sank in our chairs thinking ‘wow, it’s true about the Germans!’
The captain then bent down slightly to press ‘play’ on a video recorder. We were then subjected to the most action packed jaw dropping video of a Leopard doing impossible feats of speed, spinning, jumping through hoops of fire, hull spinning one way, turret spinning the other, guns blazing, targets exploding as it effortlessly engaged in car crushing mayhem to sound of a German military band......
Needless to say, we all knew our Chieftain’s would mostly crawl out of the gate, dead tracks clanking, dumping oil on the road as the clutch springs struggled and engines giving up 20 yards down the road. I guess he knew that too, because the video finished, he pressed the ‘stop’ button, stood up straight and with a massive grin on his face, his head head went slowly from left to right with three words....
“Ha...Ha...Ha!”
He was the first German to make me laugh!
Other interviews:
I am always looking for more
veterans, active members or people related with the defence industry to
accept interviews. If you enjoyed reading the material and would be
happy to accept an anonimous interview you can get in contact with me.
My e-mail can be found in this link at the heading. Otherwise leave a
message in the comment sections.
- Interview with a former M551 Sheridan driver
- Interview with a former Centurion tank driver in the Army of Sweden
- Interview with a former Centurion tanker in the Army of Denmark
- Interview with a USAF pilot who flew the F-106 Delta Dart
- Interview with an US Army M48A5/M60A1 veteran tanker
- Interview with a former British artilleryman and veteran of the Gulf War
- Former M60 tanker in the Army of Austria
- Former Chieftain crew member
- Former Chieftain gunner
- AMX30 commander of the Army of France
- NCO of the Army of Serbia
- Former crew member of Challenger 2
- Former Leclerc commander
- T-72 driver in Czech Army
- US Army M60 tank crewmman
- Interview with D., former US Army tanker with experience in the M60 and M1 Abrams
- Interview with Stefan Kotsch, former NVA/Bundeswehr tanker
- Interview with former Marine and writer Kenneth Estes
Thursday, 10 February 2022
Indonesia orders 42 Rafale fighters
Dassault CEO Eric Trappier and Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) Vice Marshal Yusuf Jauhari have agreed on the acquisition of 42 Rafale fighters for the TNI-AU. A batch of 6 will be delivered first, followed by 36 others.
At the moment there are no details on the variant or calendar for deliveries. It has been pointed out that Indonesia has never operated a French fighter before, thus it is a significan win for the French manufacturer. The total amount of Rafale sold abroad is now 278.
It is likely that Inonesia's first batch is financed with the funding that was saved for the Su-35. TNI-AU had originally selected this model, but the risk of CAATSA sanctions prevented the signing of the contract.
References:
- https://twitter.com/florence_parly
Wednesday, 9 February 2022
The US State Department approves the sale of F-16 Block 70 aircraft to Jordan
The package consist of 12 F-16 C Block 70 and 4 F-16D Block 70, the most modern Block available. It includes an AN/APG-83 AESA radar and a F-100-PW229EEP improved engine. The entire logistic and weapons package can be found below.
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| Press release (dsca.mil) |
Sunday, 6 February 2022
F-35C Lightning II suffers landing mishap on USS Carl Vinson (24-1-2022)
6-2-2022
Leaked video of the accident. The F-35 tries to land at high speed and the landing gear collapses. The pilot then losses control over the deck.
27-1-2022
First photo of the Lighting after the incident.
24-1-2022
The US Navy has informed that a F-35C Lightning II has suffered a landing mishap on USS Carl Vinson when operating in the South China Sea. Below is the press release:
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| Press release |
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| F-35C Lightning II belonging to VFA-147 "Argonauts" on USS Carl Vinson. |
References:
- https://www.cpf.navy.mil
- https://news.usni.org/
Saturday, 5 February 2022
Interview with a former M551 Sheridan driver
A few weeks a former Sheridan driver kindly accepted an invitation for an interview. K. served in the 73rd Armour Regiment as a M551 Sheridan driver and deployed to Saudi Arabia prior to participating in the Gulf War.
1) 1. Hello K., thanks for accepting an interview for alejandro-8en.blogspot.com. Could you provide a brief overview of your experience with the M551 Sheridan tank in the US Army?
I joined the Army in November of 1988. Since I optioned for Airborne, directly after completing 15 weeks of Cav Scout training, I went directly to Ft. Benning for 4 weeks of Airborne training. I arrived at Ft. Bragg in April of 1989 and was assigned to Aco. 2nd Platoon, 3/73rd Armour. I service with the M551A1 from 1989 to 1992. I started as a driver and drove for two different crews before going to the Gulf with my third crew. I continued to work in the driver position throughout Desert Shield and Desert Storm. When we returned from the Gulf War, I served with my last crew as a loader.
Our role with the 82nd Airborne Division was Heavy Recon and Armor support for each task force. We would conduct Route, Area and Zone Reconnaissance both mounted and dismounted. We would also conduct traditional armored tank tactics in support of the task force.
2. What do you think were the strong and weak points of the Sheridan tank?
#2 Strong points.
Our small size enabled us to be highly maneuverable, especially in a wooded environment. We could slot between trees that would leave a larger track vehicle trapped. We could fire and move in a tight wooded environment at will. Our gun barrel did not overhang the front deck so we could hide in ambush, fire at a target then pivot and move out of the area quickly.
The Sheridan's weight was 17 tons so we were fast on tarmac and in a field environment.
During Desert Operations, the Sheridan had the lowest ground pressure level of any vehicle in theater, wheeled or tracked, allied or enemy. The MTLB was the next best. We would simply float over soft wet sand that would trap any other vehicles.
If needed, we could also erect the water barrier and ford a body of water, just float along to the other side and continue operations. It did take some prep time for amphibious operations, but definitely a unique capability if needed.
We were air mobile. One Sheridan would fit inside of a C130 transport aircraft. It was an Extremely Tight fit. Imagine having to drive into a C130 with only inches of clearance on each side. We would totally wreck the plane if we got it wrong. The Sheridan could be strapped to a pallet and extracted from a C130 onto a landing strip via a drag parachute or air dropped from altitude using 8 G11 parachutes. This procedure was used during operations in Panama which resulted in two failures.
#2 strong points continued
We had a variety of ammunition to use. HEAT ( high-explosive anti-tank ), flechette (Bee Hive) and the missile. While HEAT ammunition might not be as effective as modern kinetic energy ammunition, it will still render a kill on many types of armor or light skinned vehicles. The Bee Hive ammunition would decimate soft targets. The missile had a long standoff range, but we had to stay stationary and keep the motor above 1,500 revs during its whole flight to target or suffer loss of control.
The Reliability of my track in theater was outstanding. I Never suffered a breakdown or system Failure during operations in Desert Shield or Desert Storm.
#2 weak points
Being essentially a light tank that is only 17 tons, the Sheridan can survive up to 12.7 mm fire without issue. Surviving cannon fire of 20mm or greater is worrisome. Our hull is aluminum with foam core behind the outside deck skin where the water barrier is stored. From the first to third roadwheel is all ammunition in the hull. The driver has missiles on the right, HEAT rounds on the left and two Bee Hive rounds under the driver seat. The Sheridan was not designed for head to head, tank on tank battle with medium or MBT'S. Ambush or shoot and move tactics are best. Same as US tank Destroyer units during WW2.
The crew must be mindful of moisture getting into electrical connectors, Dielectric grease is a must to combat corrosion.
The heavy recoil from the main gun can disable the missile control on occasion, but my crew never experienced this during tank gunnery.
Throttle body issues can spring up at times. This will reduce power, but not disable the motor. I experienced this during training at Ft. Bragg, but not in the Gulf theater of operations.
A small size also leads to extremely cramped working conditions for larger crew members.
3. The Sheridan was unique in the sense that it combined HEAT rounds with AT missiles. What was the typical ammunition configuration (% of HEAT and AT missiles?
This photo shows a combat load. This photo was taken at Champion Main in Saudi Arabia during Desert Shield. We were also issued New M551A1 tracks with thermal sights before moving to forward positions on the border of Iraq and Saudi Arabia.
4. When training or in combat, What was the typical distance to the objective? And the longest distance at which you ever fired a missile or round?
Maximum effective range for a HEAT round is 1,200 meters. Missile engagement can go out to 2,000 meters.
A M551A1 fired a missile at a connex target during gunnery training in Saudi Arabia. The official range to target was 3,000 meters. The connex was completely destroyed. In the right conditions, the missile was a very deadly standoff weapon.
5. Was the Sheridan capable of firing in the move? At what speeds if thsi is the case?
During gunnery training, we qualify with at least two on the move engagements. This is difficult for the driver to travel at a slow speed. The tracks create a vibration frequency that causes the gunners target sight to bounce severely. It is up to the driver to regulate his speed in order for the gunner to engage the target. We drive about 2 to 5mph estimated. It's all about the smoothest speed.
6. What about firing in the night? How was it performed (battlefield illumination) What was the maximum distance at which you could fire?
We have to engage several targets at night during gunnery training. The maximum effect range is reduced slightly and no lighting is used to illuminate the target. Before Desert Storm, we only had optical sights to perform this task. Thermal sights were a god send.
7. What was you impression of the thermal sight installed in the TTS version (if you ever used it)?
When all of the Sheridan crews were issued brand new M551A1 tracks, they were equipped with thermal gun sights. The cooling system for the sight was noisy, but the sight was so effective , we didn't mind unless you were trying to sleep. When given the choice between White Hot or Black Hot, I always prefer White Hot. I detect better contrast and target details using White Hot. Even though I am not a gunner, I still had to do my observation duty using the thermal optics.
8. In terms of maintenance, was there any component or system that was more delicate? Were there any issues with the supply chain?
At Ft. Bragg, the various Sheridan's had their own Gremlins. Electrical faults primary because of old or broken connectors, motor throttle body, injectors, hydraulic leaks, slow gun breach motors and gas particulate system issues. These M551A1 units were all in a state of heavy use. If something broke, we simply repaired the fault and kept on training.
During the Desert Shield phase of operations, all crews were issued brand new Sheridan's equipped with new thermal gun sights. We transferred our radios and combat load to the new units and continued with the mission.
My personal, new track, never suffered any mechanical faults period. In 120 degree Fahrenheit, the Sheridan would heat soak. I had to drive in open desert with my hatch closed, without any air circulation system. Inside temperature was well above the outside temperature during operations. As a driver, I performed maintenance checks on the motor pack every time we stopped for a break. The Detroit Diesel engine and transmission were utterly reliable throughout combat operations.
9. What was the maximum distance you covered in a day during deployments or exercises? Did the tank cope well or needed extra maintenance?
I never calculated distance, only hours traveled. I just drove until told to stop. During Desert Storm, we were loaded on HET transportation trucks and transported deep into Iraq on a 3 day transport mission. When the trucks off loaded us, it was 3pm on the third day. I performed a maintenance check on the pack and we set off into the unknown. We traveled Non Stop from 3:30pm that day until 3am, 12 hours straight without any breaks. After a 3 hour stop, we moved out at 6am toward our first Royal Guard Force objective. The Sheridan Never missed a beat during that 12 hour drive.
Our Mission was Search and Destroy, following behind the 24th ID Tank forces.
10. Being an airborne tank, could you describe a typical scenario that called for the deployment of the M551? What were the tactics used (Quick deployment in rear of the enemy for example)?
During traditional combat operations, the 82nd Airborne is used as a Shock Force. One of our missions is to attack an enemy air base and take over control for Allied use. Sheridan's performed this mission as part of an 82nd Airborne Task Force during Desert Storm. My Aco. 1st, 2nd and 3rd platoons were tasked to support other 82nd Task Force elements to take Tallil Air Base in Iraq. We removed over 250 Iraqi troops from the base and proceeded to systematically search and destroy any weapons and aircraft. We also performed recon for any hidden personnel. I was part of 2nd platoon.
11. Did you trained with personnel from other countries? Did you use any of their equipment? What were your impressions (training and equipment)?
The 82nd Airborne operated alongside of the French Foreign Legion and British expeditionary forces during Desert Storm. I personally met legionnaires and was impressed by their professional nature.
12. Were you able to get familiarised with Soviet tanks. What was your impression? Was there any Soviet system you liked or disliked?
I was born in 1968 so I grew up during the Cold War. As a child, I researched all Soviet military vehicles and weaponry. I could identify every T series tank, infantry fighting vehicle, tank destroyer and armored wheeled vehicle that Russia had to offer. These tanks had a reputation for being rugged and effective in the many battles that they were used in. During Desert Storm, I only saw them as destroyed relics, littering the battlefield. I'm sure that if our Sheridan had to engage one in battle, the first to strike and hit it's target would have been the victor. We could equally destroy each other, but they were no match for the M1A1 MBT and a modern sabot kinetic round.
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| This is a photo of my personal track, A22. She was named after the loaders sweetheart, Amy. I drove all over Saudi Arabia and Iraq in this M551A1 Sheridan. The men in in the photo along with me are my combat brothers from Aco. 2nd Platoon. 3/73 Armor, 82nd Airborne Division. |
13. M551 was retired in the mid 1990s. Do you think it was a good decision or that it could have stayed in service with more improvements?
The US light tank programs started with the M3 Stuart and ended with the M551A1 Sheridan. The Sheridan had a very long service life. It was both an honor to serve as a crew member and a childhood dream come true. The US light tanks traditional battlefield role has always been primarily armored reconnaissance. On the modern battlefield, LAV and Striker wheeled platforms have taken over this role along with IFV duties. There will probably never be another armored tracked fighting vehicle similar to the Sheridan's capabilities, it would simply cost too much to develop.
14. Is there an anecdote you would like to share before finishing the interview?
Be careful of what you wish for or dream about as a child.
As a child, I studied WW2 battles and vehicles, my favorite being the North African Campaign. Montgomery's forces going head to head with the Desert Fox and the exploits of the famed SAS Desert Rats. One day, I learned about the M551 Sheridan and it became my obsession. At the age of 20 in 1988, I joined the Army knowing that the 82nd Airborne Division actively used the Sheridan. I also wanted to be a reconnaissance soldier which is also the only way to become a Sheridan crew member. How many birds can I hit with one stone, I thought to myself. After 15 weeks of OSUT Cav Scout training and 4 weeks of Airborne School, I finally got to meet the Sheridan in person. I was in absolute heaven and set out to be the best driver possible. I had a natural feel with the Sheridan and excelled in my role. We trained to fight the Russian forces primarily in a wooded environment, never knowing about the change of plans coming around the corner.
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| M551 Sheridan opening fire. |
At 21 years old I found myself driving off of a C5 Galaxy into a desert environment. My group of Sheridan's were the second phase arriving in Saudi Arabia. We knew that the Iraqi tanks were on the border, poised to invade Saudi Arabia. We set up a battle plan and waited for a fight. My platoon ended up 330km from Baghdad as part of a Task Force to take Tallil airbase. We accomplished our mission and headed back to Champion Main in Saudi Arabia. At the age of 22, I got to experience the same fighting conditions as the troops from the North African Campaign, driving around the desert, buttoned up in a tracked vehicle.
Other interviews:
I am always looking for more
veterans, active members or people related with the defence industry to
accept interviews. If you enjoyed reading the material and would be
happy to accept an anonimous interview you can get in contact with me.
My e-mail can be found in this link at the heading. Otherwise leave a
message in the comment sections.
- Interview with a former Centurion tank driver in the Army of Sweden
- Interview with a former Centurion tanker in the Army of Denmark
- Interview with a USAF pilot who flew the F-106 Delta Dart
- Interview with an US Army M48A5/M60A1 veteran tanker
- Interview with a former British artilleryman and veteran of the Gulf War
- Former M60 tanker in the Army of Austria
- Former Chieftain crew member
- Former Chieftain gunner
- AMX30 commander of the Army of France
- NCO of the Army of Serbia
- Former crew member of Challenger 2
- Former Leclerc commander
- T-72 driver in Czech Army
- US Army M60 tank crewmman
- Interview with D., former US Army tanker with experience in the M60 and M1 Abrams
- Interview with Stefan Kotsch, former NVA/Bundeswehr tanker
- Interview with former Marine and writer Kenneth Estes
Thursday, 3 February 2022
Su-57s at Novosibirsk airport
Nice photos of Su-57s at Novosibirsk. These are the fighters nominally supplied to the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) in 2021. In one of the photos the IRST sensor can be seen.
The reasons for the trip to Novosibirsk have not been given, but aircraft could be on their way to Akhtubinsk, where the VKS has a test centre.
References:
- Photos vÃa twitter